---
title: "Subscribers"
description: "CBRNe World provides those tasked with defending against CBRN and IED threats with the essential practical, scientific and political information. Access the current and previous issues of the magazine by registering as a member."
url: "https://cbrneworld.com/news/subscribers?start=988"
date: "2026-07-31T10:54:15+00:00"
language: "en-GB"
---

[![](https://cbrneworld.com/component/ajax/?p=image&src=%7B%22file%22%3A%22images%2FNews-Images%2Fvirus-4030721_640.jpg%22%2C%22thumbnail%22%3A%22%2C%22%7D&hash=9d82d93c)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1502:novel-coronavirus-2019&catid=12)

##  [Novel Coronavirus 2019](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1502:novel-coronavirus-2019&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 22 January 2020.

This month has seen a flourish of reporting, and speculation, about the novel Coronavirus (CoV) outbreak in China. This is understandable in the light of the havoc other CoV's have caused in the past, one only has to think back to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 which resulted in the infection of over 8,000 people and the deaths of nearly 800 to understand why everyone is so interested in this latest CoV.

 [Read more …Novel Coronavirus 2019](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1502:novel-coronavirus-2019&catid=12)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/ca/Vaccine_1-ca2ea64f.jpeg)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1499:ebola-vaccine-safety-to-be-studied-5-years-post-vaccination&catid=12)

##  [Ebola vaccine safety to be studied 5 years post vaccination](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1499:ebola-vaccine-safety-to-be-studied-5-years-post-vaccination&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 16 January 2020.

The Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccination (PREVAC) has launched a project called PREVAC-UP with the aim of evaluating three Ebola vaccine regimens for five years after vaccination.

The study will assess several factors of these treaments

- long-term safety
- durability of immune responses to them
- effect of other infections on the immune response to vaccination

“This program is expected to significantly impact Ebola prevention and control in adults and children in Africa,” Dr. Yazdan Yazdanpanah, PREVAC Principal Investigator, said. “The study will also strengthen the capacity for science relevant to the development and evaluation of new vaccines in sub-Saharan Africa.”

You can learn more about the work of PREVAC [here](https://www.inserm.fr/en/inserm-global-search?s=prevac)

 [Protection](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/protection), [Biological](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/biological)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/41/Cooling_Towers-41fdb899.jpeg)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1498:cbrn-training-in-vietnam&catid=12)

##  [CBRN Training in Vietnam](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1498:cbrn-training-in-vietnam&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 16 January 2020.

Source: Kênh Truyền hình Quốc phòng Việt Nam - National Defense Television Channel of Vietnam

A few weeks ago the Chemical Corps of the People's Army of Vietnam & local militia carried out a chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defense (CBRN defense) training exercise in preperation for future responses to nuclear radiation leaks along the Chinese border.

China operates a 600 MW nuclear powerplant unit in Guangdong, 1,000 MW unit in Guangxi, and 650 MW unit in Hainan, all three of which are in close proximity to Vietnam. Should an accident occur at any one of them, all would have adverse affects on not just China, but also neighboring Vietnam. With a short distance of just 200-300 kilometers, the capital city of Hanoi and the Red River Delta are exposed.

 [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne), [Nuclear](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/nuclear), [Training](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/training)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/images/events/Boston/Large_Boston_Banner.jpg#thumbnail=%2C&srcset=1)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1497:boston-registration-now-live&catid=12)

##  [Boston Registration Now Live](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1497:boston-registration-now-live&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 15 January 2020.

Registration for CBRNe Convergence 2020 in Boston is now live. Visit the event pages to find out what we have planned and to register your place now, early bird rates availeble until Saturday 1st August 2020.

For more information feel free to email

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/ca/UMN__Windgap-ca1264e1.jpeg)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1495:cyanide-autoinjector-development&catid=12)

##  [Cyanide Autoinjector Development](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1495:cyanide-autoinjector-development&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 15 January 2020.

The University of Minnesota Twin Cities and Windgap Medical have received a $3.2 million grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to develop a new device to quickly administer a recently developed antidote for cyanide poisoning.

Under the grant, researchers from the University’s [Center for Drug Design](https://drugdesign.umn.edu/), College of Pharmacy, and Massachusetts-based pharmaceutical company [Windgap Medical](https://www.windgapmedical.com/) are collaborating to design an autoinjector. The collaboration’s goal is to develop a valuable tool for first responders to use in saving victims of cyanide poisoning. The five-year grant comes from the NIH’s CounterACT program, which aims to prepare countermeasures against chemical threats that have the potential to be used as weapons.

“The risk of cyanide use in a terrorist attack is such that the U.S. Department of Homeland Security identifies cyanide among the highest priority chemical threats,” said Steven Patterson, a professor in the Center for Drug Design. “Current antidotes are not well-suited for use in a mass-casualty setting. We have long recognized that a device to deliver a cyanide antidote as rapidly and easily as epinephrine would be extremely useful. It is clear that Windgap has the technology to develop such a device."

In addition to terrorist attacks, toxic levels of cyanide exposure can also come from building fires and industrial accidents. The chemical kills cells in the body by preventing them from using oxygen. Symptoms of toxic exposure, which can develop within minutes, include convulsions, loss of consciousness, and possibly death, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Those who survive cyanide poisoning are at risk for a severe neurological disorder similar to Parkinson's disease.

The work to develop a fast-acting, easy-to-administer autoinjector formulation will be based on an antidote called sulfanegen, which was recently developed and refined by Patterson as well as College of Pharmacy colleagues Robert Vince, director of the Center for Drug Design, and Herbert Nagasawa, adjunct professor. The formulation was patented with assistance from [U of M Technology Commercialization](https://techcomm.umn.edu/).

Sulfanegen takes effect in less than three minutes, rapidly converting cyanide in the body into a less toxic compound. An autoinjector would deliver a single, preloaded dose of this antidote when pressed against the body, requiring much less time to administer than the current industry-standard cyanide treatment, which requires a person to be connected to an IV for 15 minutes. A faster treatment option during mass-exposure incidents, such as terrorist attacks or building fires, could allow first responders to save more lives before victims succumb to their exposure.

Windgap will design the autoinjector to fit the specific dosing characteristics needed for sulfanegen. This will involve a dual-chamber (wet/dry) autoinjector design to ensure the powdered drug remains dry and shelf-stable while being easy for first responders to reconstitute and administer to victims in the field.

“Windgap is excited to be working with Dr. Patterson, an authority on cyanide toxicology and antidote development, with a history of success in drug design,” said Adam Standley, vice president of R&D at Windgap. “This collaboration is a case study in the innovation that is catalyzed by academic-industry teaming, supported by CounterACT. Here we have a promising drug and an innovative delivery technology coming together to form an elegant solution, addressing a largely unmet need. We look forward to developing and commercializing this product for both defense and civilian use with Dr. Patterson and the team at the University of Minnesota.”

Learn more about the [Center for Drug Design](https://drugdesign.umn.edu/), [UMN Technology Commercialization](https://techcomm.umn.edu/), and [Windgap Medical](https://www.windgapmedical.com/).

 [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne), [Chemical](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/chemical), [Medical Countermeasure](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/medical-countermeasure)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/b2/Dec_cover_both-b2e8ec02.jpeg)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1490:experimenting-with-fluorochromatic-ink&catid=12)

##  [Experimenting with Fluorochromatic Ink](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1490:experimenting-with-fluorochromatic-ink&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 09 January 2020.

The December hardcopy arrived in the office today and we are a tad excited about how awesome our flourochromatic ink cover looks.

Don't forget to renew your subscription to avoid missing out!

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/images/News-Images/barda_logo.jpg#thumbnail=%2C&srcset=1)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1489:barda-procures-nexobrid-for-emergency-response&catid=12)

##  [BARDA Procures NexoBrid for Emergency Response](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1489:barda-procures-nexobrid-for-emergency-response&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 08 January 2020.

MediWound Ltd. and its U.S. commercial partner Vericel Corporation have announced that BARDA has begun procuring [NexoBrid](https://www.nexobrid.com/) for emergency stockpile as part of the HHS mission to build national preparedness for public health medical emergencies.

BARDA purchased inventory will be managed by MediWound under vendor managed inventory. The initial BARDA procurement is valued at $16.5 million, with the first delivery of NexoBrid expected by the end of the first quarter of 2020 and additional deliveries occurring over the subsequent five quarters. In addition, BARDA holds an option to procure additional quantities of NexoBrid through funding of up to $50 million. The submission of the Biologics License Application (BLA) for NexoBrid to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) is planned for the second quarter of 2020.

NexoBrid is a topically administered biological product that enzymatically removes nonviable burn tissue, or eschar, in patients with deep partial and full-thickness thermal burns within four hours of application without harming viable tissue. NexoBrid is approved in the European Union and other international markets and has been designated as an orphan biologic drug in the United States, European Union and other international markets.

 [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne), [Medical Countermeasure](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/medical-countermeasure)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/images/News-Images/INFICON_Logo.gif)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1488:inficon-celebrates-50-years-of-advancing-innovation&catid=12)

##  [INFICON Celebrates 50 Years of Advancing Innovation ](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1488:inficon-celebrates-50-years-of-advancing-innovation&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 07 January 2020.

INFICON is celebrating its 50th anniversary as a developer and manufacturer of world-class instruments for gas analysis, measurement and control. Since 1969, INFICON has been part of the worldwide high-technology community and a leading provider of innovative instrumentation that provides proven answers to demanding customer requirements.

“INFICON’s journey over the past 50 years is founded on a deep desire to develop the solutions our customers need to be successful,” said Lukas Winkler, President and CEO. “Whether maximizing processes, ensuring safety, or assuring quality, INFICON products have been at the forefront of innovation and continue to raise the bar on what technology can be asked to do.”

In 1969, INFICON introduced the first solid state halogen leak detector for quality assurance on the production line. Since then, INFICON has succeeded as a leader in gas analysis, measurement and control for the semiconductor, vacuum coating, security, energy, air conditioning / heating / refrigeration, automotive, public utility, petrochemical, research and development, and other global and diverse markets. To address these many markets, the company’s product portfolio includes residual gas analyzers and gas analysis systems; thin film deposition controllers, monitors and accessories; intelligent manufacturing software; chemical identification systems; leak detectors, and vacuum gauges.

Celebrations were held throughout the INFICON worldwide organization in the final months of 2019, beginning at the company’s first location in East Syracuse, NY. As the company continues to celebrate its 50-year journey, the emphasis for INFICON is always on what’s next. “We honor the past and the incredible foundation it has provided, but recognize that the future comes quickly. Our greatest strength is our dedicated employees who continue to be inspired to bring world-class, forward-thinking solutions to our customers so they can realize their own visions for success.”

\###

 [Detection](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/detection), [Equipment](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/equipment), [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/26/IAEA_Logo-2628bf99.jpeg)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1486:world-uranium-bank-officially-open&catid=12)

##  [World Uranium Bank Officially Open](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1486:world-uranium-bank-officially-open&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 19 December 2019.

On December 10 the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recived the second, and last, shipment of low-enriched uranium (LEU) at a purpose-built facility in Kazakhstan housing the IAEA LEU Bank, a purpose built facility to provide assurance to countries about the supply of nuclear fuel.

The IAEA LEU Bank holds enough energy to power a large city for three years, and serves as a back-up fuel supply for countries that rely on nuclear power. The facility stores 90 tonnes of low enriched uranium, in case a country is unable to get its nuclear fuel on the open market or by any other means.

You can learn more about the LEU [here](https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/multimedia/videos/the-worlds-uranium-bank-for-nuclear-reactors)

 [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne), [Nuclear](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/nuclear)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/cf/Gas_Centrifuge-cf419fda.jpeg)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1485:iran-testing-new-uranium-enrichment-centrifuges&catid=12)

##  [Iran Testing New Uranium Enrichment Centrifuges](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1485:iran-testing-new-uranium-enrichment-centrifuges&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 19 December 2019.

According to the Iranian state run news agency, IRNA, President Hassan Rouhani has said his country is working on the development, and testing, of new, advanced uranium enrichment generators. If true, this is a move that appears to violate the the landmark nuclear agreement Tehran signed in 2015.

This is not the first time mention has been made about these generators by the powers that be in Iran. Last month, Iran's nuclear chief Ali Akbar Salemi first mentioned that Iranian scientists have built a prototype of an IR-9 centrifuge that is 50 times faster than the IR-1 ones, which Iran mostly uses.

Iran had agreed to strict limits on uranium enrichment as part of the 2015 nuclear deal, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), under which Iran had committed to not using advanced centrifuges to enrich uranium, among other restrictions on its nuclear program, in exchange for the removal of strict sanctions. It is reported however that Iran is currently enriching uranium up to 4.5%, in violation of the accord's limit of 3.67%. Enriching uranium at the 3.67% level is enough for peaceful purposes but is far below weapons-grade level.

 [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne), [Nuclear](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/nuclear)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/95/Anthrax-95eb5bdf.jpeg)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1484:paratek-awarded-barda-project-bioshield-contract-for-nuzyra&catid=12)

##  [Paratek Awarded BARDA Project BioShield Contract for NUZYRA](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1484:paratek-awarded-barda-project-bioshield-contract-for-nuzyra&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 19 December 2019.

Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapeutics, has announced that the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), and Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) has awarded the Company a 5-year contract, with an option to extend to 10-years, to support the development of Paratek’s [NUZYRA](https://www.nuzyra.com/hcp/) (omadacycline) for the treatment of pulmonary anthrax, and the option to procure up to 10,000 treatment courses of NUZYRA for the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) for use against potential biothreats.

BARDA’s [Project BioShield](https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/barda/cbrn/project-bioshield-overview/) program was created to accelerate the research, development, purchase, and availability of effective medical products against chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents. Project BioShield provides the government with the authority and funding to develop, acquire, stockpile, and distribute the medical products needed to protect the United States against biothreats.

“BARDA is encouraged by the opportunity to partner with Paratek Pharmaceuticals to further develop this critical antibiotic that will help us to combat antimicrobial resistance and treat anthrax infections,” said Dr. Rick Bright, BARDA Director and Deputy Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response. “This award is an important step in BARDA’s efforts to enhance our national health security preparedness.”

Under the terms of the agreement, BARDA will award initial funding of approximately $59 million for the development of NUZYRA for the treatment of pulmonary anthrax and the purchase of an initial 2,500 treatment courses of NUZYRA to add to the current SNS. The contract provides for additional potential time-based funding including: approximately $77 million for existing FDA post-marketing requirements commitments, and approximately $20 million for manufacturing-related requirements. T

he remaining staged, milestone-based funding includes the potential for approximately $13 million to support the development of NUZYRA for the prophylaxis of anthrax and a maximum of approximately $115 million to provide for three additional purchases of NUZYRA for the SNS, each of which will be triggered upon development milestones related to the anthrax treatment development program. NUZYRA is a broad spectrum, once-daily oral and intravenous (IV) modernized tetracycline that was approved in October 2018 to treat community-acquired pneumonia and skin infections.

“We would like to thank BARDA, ASPR, and HHS for their commitment to this innovative and long-term private-public partnership recognizing Paratek’s commitment to studying NUZYRA in the treatment and prophylaxis of anthrax. Through Project BioShield, BARDA has identified and validated the important role that Paratek and NUZYRA will play in helping to enhance the biodefense preparedness of our country, saving lives and protecting Americans,” said Evan Loh, M.D., CEO of Paratek. “Paratek has been studying the potential utility of antibiotics against bioterrorism threats for over a decade. Through these activities, we have generated promising *in vitro* and *in vivo* animal data with NUZYRA against select biothreat pathogens. For these reasons, we believe that NUZYRA is well-positioned to help address potential public health emergencies at a time when antibiotic resistance is a growing global threat.”

 [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne), [Biological](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/biological), [Contract](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/contract)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/90/identifinder_R425-90cd47a2.png)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1483:5-ways-you-can-use-the-flir-identifinder-handheld-radiation-detection-systems&catid=12)

##  [5 Ways You Can Use the FLIR identiFINDER Handheld Radiation Detection Systems](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1483:5-ways-you-can-use-the-flir-identifinder-handheld-radiation-detection-systems&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 19 December 2019.

Handheld radionuclide identification devices (RID or RIID) are most often used on the frontline to detect, locate, identify, and secure gamma and neutron radiation hazards. They can also be deployed as a secondary verification tool at the site of a radiological event to deliver the spectroscopic information needed to identify a specific nuclide. Different scenarios require different detector sizes and sensitivity. The FLIR identiFINDER® R-series includes a range of handheld radiation detectors with performance that is scalable depending on the operational need. Here are 5 ways you can use the identiFINDER [R400](https://www.flir.com/products/identifinder-r400/), [R425](https://www.flir.com/products/identifinder-r425/), [R440](https://www.flir.com/products/identifinder-r440/), and [R500](https://www.flir.com/products/identifinder-r500/) RIDs.

#### **EVENT SECURITY**

FLIR identiFINDER RIDs provide a great all-purpose survey capability. They deliver rapid isotope identification against the ANSI N42.34 library for threat determination. When large numbers of people are gathered in a small space, the identiFINDER R400, R425, or R440 are a great choice for security teams to distinguish between true threats and benign sources without disrupting the flow of an event.

#### **WMD AND HAZMAT RESPONSE**

You can’t see, smell, or taste radiation – making it a challenging hazard for response personnel. Personal radiation detectors are the first line of protection for a responder to monitor exposure and execute a safe response. The next important step is to detect, locate, identify, and secure or remediate radiation sources. With IP67-rated enclosures and sourceless stabilization, the FLIR identiFINDER R425 and R440 handheld radiation isotope identifiers are built to withstand the toughest environments in which first responders, security forces, and military perform their missions.

#### **TRANSPORTATION SECURITY**

When monitoring pedestrian flow at borders or mass transit facilities, the mission is to locate, identify, and separate innocent sources such as medical patients (recent recipients of a nuclear medical procedure) from potential security threats. Security teams need to be right – all the time. With ≤7% resolution, the identiFINDER R425 and R440 models deliver the highest level of accuracy and decision support for enforcement missions.

#### **FACILITY SECURITY**

Physical security requires a multi-layer approach to be effective. Critical infrastructure such as utility plants, banks, military bases, and other important facilities can use the identiFINDER R425 radiation detection system to adjudicate alarms at pedestrian entry control points. When screening vehicles, shipping containers, or other cargo entering or leaving a facility, the identiFINDER R440 or R500 deliver best-in-class sensitivity and can detect the presence of radiation from farther away, behind heavier shielding, and with better resolution than similarly sized RIDs.

#### **ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION**

The identiFINDER family of RIDs are useful tools for making sure sources are tracked and verified at authorized facilities. They can be used to help prevent the spread of radioactive contamination and protect personnel and the public. RIDs can be used in metal scrapyards and waste facilities to search for uncontrolled sources. They are also used to survey large spaces, perform underwater search, and to monitor radiation during environmental remediation efforts. The familiar identiFINDER user interface enables anyone to pick up the device and quickly complete their job.

In all scenarios, there is great benefit to deploying the maximum number of detectors to increase the tightness of the ‘net’ in place. The right balance of initial detection and adjudication devices can greatly increase the effectiveness of a security operation. Learn more about the [FLIR identiFINDER radionuclide identification detectors](https://www.flir.com/threat-detection/radiation/) and discover which is the right tool for your job.

 [Detection](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/detection), [Equipment](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/equipment), [Radiological](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/radiological)

       [![](https://cbrneworld.com/templates/yootheme/cache/64/Emergex-644a7216.png)](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1482:emergex-vaccine-candidate-for-francisella-tularensis&catid=12)

##  [Emergex Vaccine Candidate for Francisella Tularensis](https://cbrneworld.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1482:emergex-vaccine-candidate-for-francisella-tularensis&catid=12)

 Written by Zoe Rutherford on 17 December 2019.

Emergex Vaccines Holding Limited (‘Emergex’), a biotechnology company developing set-point vaccines to prevent serious infectious diseases, has announced the successful completion of the first step in the development of a candidate vaccine for the Gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus, *Francisella tularensis*.

Specifically, Emergex has successfully generated a 1st generation human specific MHC-Class I CD8 peptide ligandome library for *F. tularensis* for the most commonly occurring human alleles. The library contains encrypted peptide data to instruct the immune system to alter the initial set-point of response on first exposure and potentially reduce disease severity but still allow natural immunity to provide long term protection. Emergex vaccines, that are self-adjuvant, also potentially limit or eliminate allergic, autoimmune or antibody-mediated side effects of traditional vaccines.

*F tularensis* is a highly virulent bacterial pathogen and considered a potential bioterrorist agent and is categorized as a Tier 1 priority by the US government alongside*Bacillus anthracis* (Anthrax)1. Due to its low infectious dose and ease of spread, the bacterium is particularly well-suited to aerosol biowarfare attacks. Infection with *F. tularensis* is the cause of tularemia, which can be lethal without immediate treatment. As such, the impact of an outbreak could be devastating. Three cases have been reported in the United Kingdom in the last decade2.

No approved vaccine for *F. tularensis* currently exists, though an experimental live attenuated vaccine is currently employed for emergency prophylactic use only, e.g. for managing potential exposures to personnel working in high-risk laboratories using the bacterium.

 [Threat](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/threat), [CBRNe](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/cbrne), [Biological](https://cbrneworld.com/component/tags/tag/biological)

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